Architecture and pin diagram of 8085

8085 MICROPROCESSOR

1.1 Hardware Architecture

Control Unit

Generates signals within Microprocessor to carry out the instruction, which has been decoded. In reality causes certain connections between blocks of the uP to be opened or closed, so that data goes where it is required, and so that ALU operations occur.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

The ALU performs the actual numerical and logic operation such as „add‟ , „subtract‟ ,

„AND‟ , „OR‟ , etc. Uses data from memory and from Accumulator to perform arithmetic. Always stores result of operation in Accumulator.

Registers

The 8085/8080A-programming model includes six registers, one accumulator, and

one flag register, as shown in Figure. In addition, it has two 16-bit registers: the stack pointer and the program counter. The 8085/8080A has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data; these are identified as B,C,D,E,H, and L as shown in the figure. They can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE, and HL - to perform some 16-bit operations. The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data into the registers by using data copy instructions.

Accumulator

The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). This register is used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical operations.The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator. The accumulator is also identified as register A.

Flags

The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset after an operation according

to data conditions of the result in the accumulator and other registers. They are called Zero(Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P), and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags. The most commonly used flagsare Zero, Carry, and Sign. The microprocessor uses these flags to test data conditions.

For example, after an addition of two numbers, if the sum in the accumulator id larger than eight bits, the flip-flop uses to indicate a carry -- called the Carry flag (CY) – is set to one. When an arithmetic operation results in zero, the flip-flop called the Zero(Z) flag is set to one. The first Figure shows an 8-bit register, called the flag register, adjacent to the accumulator. However, it is not used as a register; five bit positions out of eight are used to store the outputs of the five flip-flops. The flags are stored in the 8-bit register so that the programmer can examiexamine these flags (dataconditions) by accessing the register through an instruction. These flags have critical importance in the decision-making process of the microprocessor.The conditions (set or reset) of the flags are tested through the software instructions. For example, the instruction JC (Jump on Carry) is implemented to change the sequence of a program when CY flag is set.

Program Counter (PC)

This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. This register is a memory pointer. Memory locations have 16-bit addresses, and that is why this is a16-bit register.

The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the instructions.The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which the next byte is to be fetched. When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is incremented by one to point to the next memory location

Stack Pointer (SP)

The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory location in R/W memory, called the stack. The beginning of the stack is defined by loading 16-bit address in the stack pointer.

Instruction Register/Decoder

Temporary store for the current instruction of a program. Latest instruction sent here from memory prior to execution. Decoder then takes instruction and „decodes‟ or interprets the instruction. Decoded instruction then passed to next stage.

Memory Address Register

Holds address, received from PC, of next program instruction. Feeds the address bus with addresses of location of the program under execution.

Control Generator

Generates signals within uP to carry out the instruction which has been decoded. In reality causes certain connections between blocks of the uP to be opened or closed, sothat data goes where it is required, and so that ALU operations occur.

Register Selector

This block controls the use of the register stack in the example. Just a logic circuit which switches between different registers in the set will receive instructions from Control Unit.

1.2 Pin Diagram

A8 - A15 (Output 3 State)

Address Bus:The most significant 8 bits of the memory address or the 8 bits of the I/0 address,3 stated during Hold and Halt modes.

AD0 - AD7 (Input/Output 3state)

Multiplexed Address/Data Bus; Lower 8 bits of the memory address (or I/0 address) appear on the bus during the first clock cycle of a machine state. It then becomes thedata bus during the second and third clock cycles. 3 stated during Hold and Halt modes.

ALE (Output)

Address Latch Enable: It occurs during the first clock cycle of a machine state and enables the address to get latched into the on chip latch of peripherals. The falling edge of ALE is set to guarantee setup and hold times for the address information. ALE can also be used to strobe the status information. ALE is never 3stated.

SO, S1 (Output)

Data Bus Status. Encoded status of the bus cycle:

S1 S0
0	0	HALT
0	1	WRITE
1	0	READ
1 1		FETCH

S1 can be used as an advanced R/W status.

RD (Output 3state)

READ: indicates the selected memory or 1/0 device is to be read and that the Data Bus is available for the data transfer.

WR (Output 3state)

WRITE:indicates the data on the Data Bus is to be written into the selected memory

or 1/0 location. Data is set up at the trailing edge of WR. 3stated during Hold and Halt modes.

READY (Input)

If Ready is high during a read or write cycle, it indicates that the memory or peripheral is ready to send or receive data. If Ready is low, the CPU will wait forReady to go high before completing the read or write cycle.

HOLD (Input)

HOLD:indicates that another Master is requesting the use of the Address and DataBuses. The CPU, upon receiving the Hold request. will relinquish the use of buses as soon as the completion of the current machine cycle. Internal processing can continue.The processorcanregain the buses only after the Hold is removed. When the Hold is acknowledged, the Address, Data, RD, WR, and IO/M lines are 3stated.

HLDA (Output)

HOLD ACKNOWLEDGE:indicates that the CPU has received the Hold request and that it will relinquish the buses in the next clock cycle. HLDA goes low after the Hold request is removed. The CPU takes the buses one half clock cycle after HLDA goes low.

INTR (Input)

INTERRUPT REQUEST is used as a general purpose interrupt. It is sampled onlyduring the next to the last clock cycle of the instruction. If it is active, the Program Counter (PC) will be inhibited from incrementing and an INTA will be issued. During this cycle a RESTART or CALL instruction can be inserted to jump to the interrupt service routine. The INTR is enabled and disabled by software. It is disabled by Reset and immediately after an interrupt is accepted.

INTA (Output)

INTERRUPT ACKNOWLEDGE: is used instead of (and has the same timing as) RDduring the Instruction cycle after an INTR is accepted. It can be used to activate the 8259 Interrupt chip or some other interrupt port.

RESTART INTERRUPTS

These three inputs have the same timing as INTR except they cause an internal RESTART to be automatically inserted.

RST 7.5 ~~ Highest Priority RST 6.5

RST 5.5 Lowest Priority

TRAP (Input)

Trap interrupt is a nonmaskable restart interrupt. It is recognized at the same time asINTR. It is unaffected by any mask or Interrupt Enable. It has the highest priority of any interrupt.

RESET IN (Input)

Reset sets the Program Counter to zero and resets the Interrupt Enable and HLDA flipflops. None of the other flags or registers (except the instruction register) are affected The CPU is held in the reset condition as long as Reset is applied.

RESET OUT (Output)

Indicates CPlJ is being reset. Can be used as a system RESET. The signal is synchronized to the processor clock.

X1, X2 (Input)

Crystal or R/C network connections to set the internal clock generator X1 can also be

an external clock input instead of a crystal. The input frequency is divided by 2 togive the internal operating frequency.

CLK (Output)

Clock Output for use as a system clock when a crystal or R/ C network is used as an input to the CPU. The period of CLK is twice the X1, X2 input period.

IO/M (Output)

IO/M indicates whether the Read/Write is to memory or l/O Tristated during Hold and Halt modes.

SID (Input)

Serial input data line The data on this line is loaded into accumulator bit 7 whenever a RIM instruction is executed.

SOD (output)

Serial output data line. The output SOD is set or reset as specified by the SIM instruction.

Vcc

+5 volt supply.

Vss

Ground Reference.

1.3 Memory Interfacing

The memory is made up of semiconductor material used to store the programs and data. Three types of memory is

Process memory
Primary memory
Secondary memory

Typical EPROM and Static RAM

A typical semiconductor memory IC will have n address pins, m data pins (or output pins).
Having two power supply pins (one for connecting required supply voltage (V and the other for connecting ground).
The control signals needed for static RAM are chip select (chip enable), read control (output enable) and write control (write enable).
The control signals needed for read operation in EPROM are chip select (chip enable) and read control (output enable).